We deﬁne these notions in Sections 14.1.2 and 14.1.3. The given string 101100 has 6 letters and we are given 5 letter strings. But, it also implies that it could be the case that the string is impossible to derive. So we require a PDA ,a machine that can count without limit. We now show that this method of constructing a DFSM from an NFSM always works. 50. So, x0 is done, with x = 10110. string w=aabbaaa. Give an example of undecidable problem? Elaborate multihead TM. Define RE language. This is not true for pda. (d) the set of strings over the alphabet {a, b} containing at least three occurrences of three consecutive b's, overlapping permitted (e.g., the string bbbbb should be accepted); (e) the set of strings in {O, 1, 2} * that are ternary (base 3) representa­ tions, leading zeros permitted, of numbers that are not multiples of four. α describes the stack contents, top at the left. Login. You must be logged in to read the answer. If it ends DFA A MBwB w Bw accept Theorem Proof in a Give an Example for a language accepted by PDA by empty stack. (1) L={ a nbn | n>=0 },here n is unbounded , hence counting cannot be done by finite memory. If string is finished and stack is empty then string is accepted by the PDA otherwise not accepted. The language acceptable by the final state can be defined as: 2. Let P =(Q, ∑, Γ, δ, q0, Z, F) be a PDA. The state diagram of the PDA is q0 q1 q3 q2 M : aλ/A F3: It is known that the problem of determining if a PDA accepts every string is undecidable. Classify some closure properties of CFL? 1 (2) Use your PDA from question 1 and the method to convert a PDA to a CFG to form an equivalent CFG. So in the end of the strings if nothing is left in the STACK then we can say that CFL is accepted in the PDA. Which combination below expresses all the true statements about G? I only I and III only II and III only I, II and III. The stack is empty. Since pda languages are closed under union it su ces to construct a pda for the language f x˙1y˙2z j x;y;z 2 fa;bg ;jxj = jzj;˙1;˙2 2 fa;bg;˙1 6= ˙2 g. 5 47. 44. Give examples of languages handled by PDA. So we require a PDA ,a machine that can count without limit. Pushdown Automata A pushdown automaton (PDA) is a finite automaton equipped with a stack-based memory. Simulate on input . The empty stack is our key new requirement relative to finite state machines. is an accepting computation for the string. 46. FA to Reg Lang PDA is to CFL FA to Reg Lang, PDA is to CFL PDA == [ -NFA + “a stack” ] Wh t k? When is a string accepted by a PDA? PDA - the automata for CFLs What is? And finally when stack is empty then the string is accepted by the NPDA. So, the given PDA is accepting all strings of of the form x0x'r or x1x'r or xx'r, where x'r is the reverse of the 1's complement of x. THEOREM 4.2.1 Let L be a language accepted by a … Each input alphabet has more than one possibility to move next state.  S->ASB/ab/SS A->aA/A B->bB/A (i)Give a left most derivation of aaabb in G. Draw the associated parse tree. Define – Pumping lemma for CFL. Formal Definition. Differentiate recursive and non-recursively languages. Consider the following statements about the context free grammar G = {S → SS, S → ab, S → ba, S → Ε} I. G is ambiguous II. Initially, the stack holds a special symbol Z 0 that indicates the bottom of the stack. Acceptance by Final State: The PDA is said to accept its input by the final state if it enters any final state in zero or more moves after reading the entire input. language of strings of odd length is regular, and hence accepted by a pda. equiv is any set containing a ﬁnal state of ND because a string takes M equiv to such a set if and only if it can take ND to one of its ﬁnal states. The stack is empty.. Give examples of languages handled by PDA. 90. Turnstile Notation: ⊢ sign describes the turnstile notation and represents one move. If some 2’s are still left and top of stack is a 0 then string is not accepted by the PDA. It's important to mention that the stack contents are irrelevant to the acceptance of the string. This does not necessarily mean that the string is impossible to derive. Pushdown Automata (PDA)( ) Reading: Chapter 6 1 2. (1) L={ anbn | n>=0 },here n is unbounded , hence counting cannot be done by finite memory. i j b, C pop k b, C push(D) i j Λ, C pop k b, C push(D) Acceptance: A string w is accepted by a PDA if there is a path from the start state to a final state such that the input symbols on the path edges concatenate to w. Otherwise, w is rejected. For a nonnull string aibj ∈ L, one of the computations will push exactly j A’s onto the stack. ID is an informal notation of how a PDA computes an input string and make a decision that string is accepted or rejected. Example 1 : This DFA accepts {} because it can go from the initial state to the accepting state (also the initial state) without reading any symbol of the alphabet i.e. The stack is emptied by processing the b’s in q2. Can be applied to DFA, NFA, REX, PDA, CFG, TM, Informatik Theorie II (A) WS2009/10 acs-07: Decidability 4 4.1 is a decidable language ="On input , , where is a DFA and is a string: 1. 2 Example.  (4) 19.G denotes the context-free grammar defined by the following rules. Pda 1. Classify some properties of CFL? As a consequence, the DPDA is a strictly weaker variant of the PDA and there exists no algorithm for converting a PDA to an equivalent DPDA, if such a DPDA exists. PDA accepts a string when, after reading the entire string, the PDA has emptied its stack. An instantaneous description is a triple (q, w, α) where: q describes the current state. 89. Login Now Hence option B is correct. Part B – (5 × = marks) 11 (a) Design a DFA accept the following strings over the alphabets {0, 1}. - define], while the deterministic pda accept a proper subset, called LR-K languages. However, when PDA is parsing the string “aaaccbcb”, it generated 674 configurations and still did not achieve the string yet. The language of strings accepted by a deterministic pushdown automaton is called a deterministic context-free language. The class of nondeterministic pda accept Context Free Languages [student op. In this type of input string, at one input has more than one transition states, hence it is called non deterministic PDA and input string contain any order of ‘a’ and ‘b’. Step-1: On receiving 0 push it onto stack. Thereafter if 2’s are finished and top of stack is a 0 then for every 3 as input equal number of 0’s are popped out of stack. Whenever the inner automaton goes to the accepting state, it also moves to the empty-stack state with an $\epsilon$ transition. (a) Explain why this means that it is undecidable to determine if two PDAs accept the same language. We have designed the PDA for the problem: STACK Transiton Function δ(q0, a, Z) = (q0, aZ) δ(q0, a, a) = (q0, aa) δ(q0, b, Z) = (q0, bZ) δ(q0, b, b) = (q0, bb) δ(q0, b, a) = (q0, ε) δ(q0, a, b) = (q0, ε) δ(q0, ε, Z) = (qf, Z) Note: qf is Final State. To convert this to an empty stack acceptance PDA, I add the two states, one before the previous start state, and another state after the last to empty the stack. In this NPDA we used some symbol which are given below: w describes the remaining input. Classify some techniques for Turing machine construction? 34. 88. 43. Why a stack? The language accepted by a PDA M, L(M), is the set of all accepted strings. 2. We will show conversion of a PDA accepting L by ﬁnal state into another PDA that accepts L by empty stack, and vice-versa. Problem – Design a non deterministic PDA for accepting the language L = {: m>=1}, i.e., L = {abb, aabbbb, aaabbbbbb, aaaabbbbbbbb, .....} In each of the string, the number of a’s are followed by double number of b’s. So, x'r = (01001)r = 10010. The states q2 and q3 are the accepting states of M. The null string is accepted in q3. When is a string accepted by a PDA? Notice that string “acb” is already accepted by PDA. The examples that we generate have very few states; in general, there is so much more control from using the stack memory. So in the end of the strings if nothing is left in the STACK then we can say that language is accepted in the PDA. Also construct the derivation tree for the string w. (8) c)Define a PDA. by reading an empty string . Explain your steps. 87. The input string is accepted by the PDA if: The final state is reached . Go ahead and login, it'll take only a minute. Explanation – Here, we need to maintain the order of a’s and b’s.That is, all the a’s are are coming first and then all the b’s are coming. -NFAInput string Accept/reject 2 A stack filled with “stack symbols” Accepted Language & Decided Language - A TM accepts a language if it enters into a final state for any input string w. A language is recursively enumerable (generated by Type-0 grammar) if it is acce In both these deﬁnitions, we employ the notions of instanta- neous descriptions (ID), and step relations $, as well as its reﬂexive and transitive closure,$ ∗. Whenever we see a 1, pop the corresponding 0 from the stack (or fail if not matched) When input is consumed, if the stack is empty, accept. Not all context-free languages are deterministic. Our First PDA Consider the language L = { w ∈ Σ* | w is a string of balanced digits } over Σ = { 0, 1} We can exploit the stack to our advantage: Whenever we see a 0, push it onto the stack. 1.1 Acceptance by Final State Let P = (Q,Σ,Γ,δ,q0,Z0,F) be a PDA. Each transition is based on the current input symbol and the top of the stack, optionally pops the top of the stack, and optionally pushes new symbols onto the stack. Differentiate 2-way FA and TM? An input string is accepted if after the entire string is read, the PDA reaches a final state.